After having trouble getting an Ultrasonic Sensor v3.0 from a Starter Kit working, I realized that the capacitor between C2 and C6 was peeling up from the board. It looks better in the photo below than it originally was because I pushed it down a bit. Interestingly, @glaz described exactly the same problem in his post (Ultrasonic sensor v3.0 0 readout). Either there was a bad batch of these sensors or this component, being on the edge of the board, is easily damaged.
I can solder the delaminated capacitor back in place, but I have another problem: capacitor C2 is totally missing! Can anybody tell me the rating for capacitor C2 so that I can replace it?